29/11/2010

「學位溢價」低迷 大學生月薪高中學生500元

當直資學校的畫皮開始被審計署揭開,一心藉要子女年紀小小便學琴學舞學這學那,以求及早躋身名牌中小學進而讀上大學的中產、次中產以至偽中產家長,今日還是為當局公布小一自行分配學位的結果心情忐忑,能入到心儀學校的彷彿好過中六合彩,入不到的幾乎以為是世界末日。可他們更準備要接受的現實是,香港早已進入「學位溢價」(collegepremium)日益貶值的年代。2009 年的大學畢業生的起薪點可以低至6000元,2010 年也只是稍為升至7000 元,與同年畢業的中五生相比,竟然只分別高出500 元及1000 元,差距可以不夠一成。「大學無用論」可謂從未如此顯眼過!

今時今日,當回歸以來當局企硬要每年收大學本科生42100 元學費,每年新畢業的大學生,平均月入的起薪點,已經可升更可跌。中原人力資源顧問公司數據顯示,97 年的大學新畢業生,平均月入起薪點的中位數,還多出同年中五新畢業生近82%。但98 年亞洲金融風暴後,兩者差距瞬間大幅收窄,到2000 年,即僅相差不足五成半。江河日下,到去年,大學生初出茅廬,入職水位已不過只高中五生50 %。

近年大學生多「水分」

大學學位為何愈來愈不值錢?老紀請教中原人力資源顧問公司董事總經理周綺萍。她直言,隨回歸後香港連番經濟逆境,僱主難出高價請人,新畢業大學生便首當其衝: 「沙士那一年(03 年),40%新入職大學畢業生,平均月薪一度僅得600 0 至8000 元,另40%更只得4000 至6000 元。」與此同時,中五新畢業生的入職起薪點「跌極都有個譜」,即使03 年最少也可有3500 元,與個別低薪入職的大學生僅相差500 元。

周綺萍續稱, 自當局2000 年開設副學士課程,讓部分原本入不了大學的學生,藉此最終取得學位後,每年取得學位畢業的人數,由原本不足15000 逐步增至達20000個,增幅超過三成三。但對僱主而言,部分學位畢業的學生根本「未夠班」,結果除了讀醫讀金融的外,整體大學畢業生的起薪點都被拉低。到近五年,更陸續出現一種奇特現象。

「早前有僱主肯出底薪9000 元再加花紅,僱用多名剛畢業的大學生做顧客服務工作,但這些大學生上工後,卻嫌他們對工作投訴又多,又不肯學肯做,連英語會話能力也不太夠,不數個月更只剩一個繼續留下來。僱主想來想去不是辦法,決定提高底薪至11000 到12000 元,挖來一些雖已四十來歲,卻有豐富相關經驗的中五畢業生來工作。」結果,今年就算同樣是剛畢業的大學生與中五生,個別新入職的起薪點差距,也不過是 1000 元,較九七年兩者足可相差2000 元比較,減少足足超過一半。

大規模衝突如箭在弦

曾幾何時,學術界提出一個稱作「學位溢價」的概念,意指取得學位的畢業生,平均較一般中學畢業生收入多出的百分比。可如今,當局一邊講要藉教育解決「跨代貧窮」,一邊則繼續縮班、直資,將基層子弟「愈搞愈窮」。如今就連悉心培育子女入大學的家長,隨當局缺乏長遠發展藍圖,到子女最後大學畢業時,也恐怕落得悔不當初,驚覺自己一直墮入本港教育被扭曲成港大社會學系教授呂大樂年前所說的「位置對比的物品」(positional goods)陷阱。

尤其當更多就算是大學畢業的年輕人看不見前景,當局茫然以對香港進一步墮入「M 型社會」、「中產下流社會」更是不消提時,理大應用社會科學系副教授何國良跟老紀講: 「當局管治思維若仍故步自封,懶理更多大學生憧憬畢業後能有良好生活質素,到最後卻發現被建制扼殺時,在外國,雙方因此出現大規模衝突的結局,已經放在香港眼前。」

 

美三成副學士收入勝學士

「學位溢價」逐步變成「學位跌價」的現象,已連美國勞工部也提出預警。當地更有大學調查發現,近三成副學士月入已經多過大學生。學者預期,大學生往後要保證有好生活,必先要選讀市場最渴求的專業,「往後不單要有幾個學位,更是不斷要取得新學位」。

資料顯示,美國近年雖飽受金融海嘯衝擊,但較諸香港學位溢價已經跌至個位數百分比,仍能保持在約百分之七十的水平。

然而,美國勞工部早前警告,美國未來十年發展最快的三十種行業當中,只有七種要求入職人士必須大學畢業,比率僅約百分之二十三。其餘的如顧客服務、家居照顧及食品製造等,只要一張高級文憑便「搞掂」。

美國喬治城大學(Georgetown University)一項調查結果則更駭人:近三成當地畢業的副學士,月入已經爬過大學畢業生的頭。

查實,美國華府智庫「經濟政策研究中心」研究員伯恩斯坦(Bernstein) 年前已點出,「學位溢價」恐怕快將一去不返:「經濟成長的果實,都落在相當少的一群人身上,這群人擁有他人沒有的特殊技能和資產,這與你是否高等教育未必有關。要取得超過通脹數字的年薪,擁有大學學位通常是必要的,但是還不夠。」

哈佛大學經濟學家凱茲(Katz)與高甸(Gold in)亦指出,以前要大學生來做的中層管理或某些專業工作,如今都可藉外判海外或用電腦搞定,他們在勞資市場的議價能力自然要跌;只有工作性質更講創意,範疇更僻更專的,人工才會繼續水漲船高。

理大應用社會科學系副教授何國良補充稱,當局常強調香港經濟易受全球發展衝擊,港人要自求多福,「往後不單要有幾個學位,更是不斷要取得新學位」,卻是要犧牲作息時間等生活質素作代價。

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